Comparison of Transline and Milestone-Based Treatment for Birdsfoot Trefoil Control

Posted on August 6, 2026 by Clara Barton
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Clara Barton

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Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus)

Introduction

Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) is a persistent invasive legume at Nachusa Grasslands.This plant can form dense mats that smother and outcompete native plants. Current management of this weed involves herbicide treatments that aim to kill the plants fully to the roots and remain in the soil to prevent seeds from establishing. This weed is one of our main targets during weed season. Because of its strong establishment at Nachusa Grasslands we have also used pre-emergent treatments to work towards getting rid of this plant. Here is a post that explains that: Weed management | grassland restoration network.  For members of the Fabaceae family, such as birdsfoot trefoil, sweetclover, and crown vetch, chemicals such as aminopyralid, clopyralid, and 2,4-D are often recommended for management. At Nachusa, the crew uses a mixture of Milestone (aminopyralid), Garlon 3A (triclopyr), and Methylated Seed Oil (MSO) during the heaviest part of the weed season to treat multiple weeds. This mixture covers a larger range or broadleaf plants. For this experiment we tested the crew’s current mixture against Transline (clopyralid) and a lower percentage of Milestone (aminopyralid) without the addition of Garlon.

Dead spots caused by the Milestone and Garlon 3A mixture
TreatmentMixture
AMilestone 0.5% (v/v)
Garlon 3A 1% (v/v)
MSO 0.5% (v/s)
BTransline 1% (v/v)
MSO 0.5% (v/s)
CMilestone 0.075% (v/v)*
MSO 0.5% (v/s)

*Using 0.1 ounces per gallon

Observations

In late June the plants were treated using backpack sprayers. Each plant was labeled with a flag marking which treatment was received. Before pictures were taken, and plants were checked every week following. Initially, the plants in treatment groups with Transline (treatment B) and diluted Milestone (treatment C) showed slower symptom development than those in that treatment group with the crew’s mixture (treatment A). In group A the plants started browning a few days after being treated and a noticeable kill zone surrounding the plants was observed. By early July plants in treatment B were noticeably curled and wilted but continued to produce seed at normal rates unlike plants in groups A and C which still had some plants forming seed pods present, but in lower numbers than group B. By the end of July it was clear that all plants were dead, however the plants exposed to milestone did die more rapidly. Of the two treatments using Milestone the one containing Garlon (treatment A) did have a more rapid impact on the plants than the one without (treatment C), but both treatments were effective at killing the plants. Treatment C also showed less impact on surrounding plants than treatment A.

Seed production on plant treated with Transline

Discussion

These treatments were applied later in the season (end of June), treatment for this plant at Nachusa usually begins at the end of May. The birdsfoot trefoil plants treated were fully in bloom when sprayed and gearing up to produce seeds which impacted the results of this study. At Nachusa we treat birdsfoot trefoil with both Transline or Milestone mixtures. Both herbicides have worked for us historically. However, this experiment suggests that when spraying later in the season it might be beneficial to utilize a faster acting herbicide to reduce seed production.

Aminopyralid (Milestone) and clopyralid (Transline) are both effective in treating Birdsfoot trefoil, but the aminopyralid (Milestone) is often found to have a stronger biological effect (higher activity), than clopyralid (Transline) according to this study: A Comparative Analysis of Aminopyralid and Clopyralid Efficacy in Broadleaf Weed Management. This study conducted by BenchChem found the following;

 “Both aminopyralid and clopyralid are effective herbicides for the management of a wide range of broadleaf weeds. However, experimental data consistently demonstrates that aminopyralid offers a significant advantage in its ability to provide high levels of control at lower application”

This concept may also add some context as to why the plants treated with Milestone showed symptoms so much faster than those treated with Transline. It also potentially helps to explain why plants treated with Transline ended up producing more seed then those treated with Milestone. In terms of late season applications, Milestone performed better for our objective by killing the plants before they could fully complete seed production.

Birdsfoot Trefoil both with flowers and seeds

The product labels and fact sheets suggest that Milestone has a strongest residual activity (~6-12 months) compared with Transline (~2-6 months) and Garlon 3a (~2 months). This suggests that when battling a large build up of seed in the soil using milestone might be wiser given its long-term residual activity. In this study we analyzed top-kill and seed production only with visual observations. A more in depth expansion of this study might observe these plant populations over more time to better understand how the residual effects of these herbicides are impacting the rhizomes and the seeds in the soil as well as any regrowth from established plants.

The data from this study suggest that the choice of herbicide for treating birdsfoot trefoil should be based on timing. Treatment C (milestone) acts more slowly compared to treatment A (Milestone and Garlon), it is still effective in killing birdsfoot trefoil plants. It may be best suited for early-season applications when plants are still in the growing stage (May-June). When preventing seed production becomes more important adding in the Garlon 3A might be the solution. Here the crew often does two sweeps of areas with particularly bad infestations of birdsfoot trefoil. I can see a reasonable way to apply these findings being having them complete their first sweep with the concentration of milestone from treatment C and following up later with the Garlon 3A and higher Milestone concentration mixture.

Conclusion

This study found that

  • Transline = most selective of three treatments, slowest activity, late season spraying didn’t prevent seed production.
  • Milestone + Garlon = fastest control, greatest non-target effects.
  • Lower-rate Milestone = less selective than the Transline, slower activity than the Milestone with Garlon, prevented seed production better than the transline treatment.

Management of this weed will continue as is for the remainder of this current season, however next year it may be worth evaluating the herbicides and concentrations we are using. As I stated above I will make a recommendation for the crew to decrease the milestone percentage, at least at the beginning of weed season. There are many reasons why the crew might opt to keep the Garlon addition in this mixture. It increases the spectrum for broadleaf weeds they can treat with the same mixture preventing them from frequent remixing of chemical or having to keep more equipment so they could switch chemicals in the field. For this reason, I understand they will probably continue to use this broader coverage mixture. Dropping the Milestone from 0.5% to 0.1 oz per gallon should still result in effective top-kill of birdsfoot trefoil plants. One of the benefits of using Milestone over Transline is its strong effectiveness in low concentrations. Every birdsfoot trefoil seed prevented today is one less plant to battle tomorrow, knowing that our treatments are working is crucial in the continued management of our wonderful prairies.

Sources for this post

“Milestone Fact Sheet.” n.d. Accessed August 5, 2026. https://forages.tamu.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/legacy-files/PDF/milestone.pdf.

A Comparative Analysis of Aminopyralid and Clopyralid Efficacy in Broadleaf Weed Management. n.d. https://pdf.benchchem.com/1667/A_Comparative_Analysis_of_Aminopyralid_and_Clopyralid_Efficacy_in_Broadleaf_Weed_Management.pdf.

 “Kill Birdsfoot Trefoil in My Yard without Killing the Grass. Product Recommendation Please – Ask Extension.” n.d. Accessed July 31, 2026. https://ask.extension.org/kb/faq.php?id=838569.

Maroso, Rita Poles, Cerci Maria Carneiro, Simone Meredith Scheffer-Basso, and Daniela Favero. 2009. “Morphological and Anatomical Aspects of Birdsfoot Trefoil and Big Trefoil.” Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 38: 1663–67. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982009000900004.

Taylor, T. H., W. C. Templeton Jr., and J. W. Wyles. 1973. “Management Effects on Persistence and Productivity of Birdsfoot Trefoil (Lotus Corniculatus L.).” Agronomy Journal 65 (4): 646–48. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1973.00021962006500040035x.

“Transline® Herbicide.” n.d. Accessed August 5, 2026. https://www.corteva.com/us/products-and-solutions/land-management/transline.html.

“What You Should Know about Garlon® 3A Herbicide.” n.d. Accessed August 5, 2026. https://www.arborchem.com/images/label-sds/qa_Dow_Garlon3A.pdf.

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Comparing Herbicide Treatments for Bouncing Bet in a Grassland Restoration

Posted on July 30, 2026 by Clara Barton
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Written by: Clara Barton

Surfactant proves vital in diminishing populations of bouncing bet. Both Crossbow and Telar XP paired with surfactants show promising short-term control, though long-term effects on rhizome survival are still unknown.

Background

Bouncing bet (Saponaria officinalis), also known as soapwort, is a perennial forb introduced from Europe that is considered invasive throughout many parts of North America. This weed can form dense colonies through both seed production and spreading rhizomes, allowing infestations to persist and expand over time. The plant is characterized by smooth, waxy leaves and stems that contain saponins, compounds historically used in soap production. Its waxy leaf surface may reduce herbicide uptake and therefore limit treatment effectiveness when herbicides are applied without an effective adjuvant.

Bouncing bet (Saponaria officinalis)

Despite its aggressive growth habit, relatively little research is available regarding optimal management of bouncing bet. Existing management recommendations frequently suggest chlorsulfuron and other broadleaf herbicides for bouncing bet control. To evaluate treatment options commonly used by restoration practitioners, this study compared Telar XP (chlorsulfuron) and Crossbow (2,4-D + triclopyr). Surfactants are commonly recommended to improve herbicide absorption given the waxy nature of this plant’s leaves. Control is generally expected to require multiple years of treatment due to the species’ extensive rhizome system.

At Nachusa Grasslands, bouncing bet has never been one of our highest-priority invasive species because infestations remain relatively small. As a result, technicians have typically treated it with whatever broadleaf herbicide was available at the time. However, as part of our effort to stay ahead of emerging invasions, we wanted to determine which treatment option was actually the most effective.

Methods

The experiment was conducted on an established bouncing bet infestation located within the Visitors Center Prairie. The patch of bouncing bet present at this site was divided into three sections which received different herbicide treatments. Having these treatments so close to each other made comparing and contrasting the impacts easier to observe.

Bouncing Bet Patch pretreatment

Three herbicide treatments were evaluated:

Treatment Mixture
1Telar XP mixed at 2 grams of product per gallon of water, plus FS Talent (non-ionic surfactant)
2Telar XP mixed at 2 grams of product per gallon of water
32% Crossbow (v/v) plus methylated seed oil (MSO)

Having the Telar XP without the surfactant (treatment 2) was done to evaluate the importance of using a surfactant when it comes to treating this plant. The site was revisited regularly and documented with notes and photographs following treatment.

Summary of Observations

During the first week after treatment, Crossbow produced the fastest response, causing noticeable yellowing and damage. Telar XP alone produced little visible change, while Telar XP plus surfactant caused mild wilting.

By the second week, Crossbow-treated plants showed extensive yellowing and twisting. Plants treated with Telar XP alone developed reddish coloration and continued producing seed, while Telar XP plus surfactant caused much greater browning and stress.

After three weeks, both Crossbow and Telar XP plus surfactant appeared to cause substantial mortality. In contrast, many plants treated with Telar XP alone remained alive and still appeared capable of producing seed.

Plants three weeks post treatment:

Telar XP plus FS Talent surfactant treated plants
Telar XP treated plants
Crossbow plus MSO treated plants

Results

While Crossbow produced a more rapid visible response than Telar XP, speed of symptom development should not be interpreted as evidence of superior long-term control. Bouncing bet spreads through underground rhizomes, and plants that regrow from those structures can be especially persistent. Natto and Friedman (2025) found that rhizome-derived plants survived at higher rates than seed-derived plants, suggesting that long-term control depends on suppressing belowground growth as well as visible stems.

Survival differences between rhizome-derived and seed-derived Saponaria officinalis plants reported by Natto and Friedman (2025).

Telar XP (chlorsulfuron) is specifically recommended for bouncing bet management on the label and provides residual activity that may help reduce future populations. However, field observations from this study suggest that Telar XP alone may provide inadequate control without the addition of a surfactant. Based on the available evidence, both Crossbow and Telar XP plus surfactant appear capable of providing effective control, but Telar XP may have greater potential for long-term suppression due to its residual activity and documented use against bouncing bet. Additional monitoring over multiple growing seasons would be necessary to determine whether the rapid initial control observed with Crossbow translates into lower rates of resprouting and reinfestation.

Discussion and Conclusions

The results suggest that adding a surfactant was an important factor in improving Telar’s effectiveness. Bouncing bet’s waxy leaves makes it harder for herbicides to stick to and enter the plant. This likely explains why the Telar XP plus surfactant treatment performed much better than Telar XP alone. Although chlorsulfuron is commonly recommended for bouncing bet control, our observations indicate that it may be less effective when applied without a surfactant. In practical terms, the success of Telar XP treatments may depend not only on the herbicide itself, but also on using an adjuvant that helps the herbicide penetrate the plant.

Crossbow consistently produced the fastest and most dramatic visible symptoms. The yellowing and stem twisting observed in treated plants are characteristic responses to auxinic herbicides such as 2,4-D and triclopyr, the active ingredients in Crossbow. While these symptoms developed rapidly and caused substantial aboveground injury, visible top-kill does not necessarily indicate superior long-term control. As mentioned above, bouncing bet spreads through persistent rhizomes, making control of belowground structures important for lasting suppression. In contrast to the Crossbow, Telar XP is a systemic herbicide that translocates throughout the plant and may move into underground tissues before visible symptoms develop. This slower response may explain why Telar XP appeared less dramatic initially despite its potential to suppress rhizome-driven regrowth. Additional monitoring will be necessary to determine whether this translates into improved long-term control.

Another interesting observation was the condition of the plants’ flowering and seed-producing structures. By the end of the study, the Telar XP plants without surfactant still had noticeable green tissue around developing seed heads, while those treated with Crossbow or Telar XP plus surfactant were almost completely brown and dried down. Although we did not measure seed production or viability, this difference suggests that plants receiving Telar XP alone may have continued directing resources toward reproduction longer than plants in the other treatments. This would be an interesting question to explore in future monitoring.

While this was a relatively small field trial, it provided valuable insights into how bouncing bet responds to commonly used herbicide treatments. The study was conducted on a single infestation and relied primarily on visual assessments during the first three weeks following treatment, so additional monitoring will be needed to evaluate rhizome survival, regrowth, and long-term population decline. Even so, the results clearly highlighted differences among treatments and identified several areas for future investigation.

Key Takeaways

  • Telar XP performed poorly without a surfactant.
  • Adding a surfactant greatly improved Telar’s effectiveness.
  • Crossbow produced the fastest visible response.
  • Both Crossbow and Telar XP plus surfactant provided strong short-term control.
  • Additional monitoring will determine which treatment gives the best long-term suppression of bouncing bet.

Notes

Additional monitoring in 2027 is recommended to evaluate regrowth, rhizome survival, and reinfestation. Long-term observations will ultimately determine whether the rapid response observed with Crossbow or the slower systemic activity of Telar XP plus surfactant provides more durable control.

Bibliography

“Bouncing-Bet // Mizzou WeedID.” https://weedid.missouri.edu/weedinfo.cfm?weed_id=251.

 Corteva Agriscience. Crossbow® specialty herbicide label. EPA-registered product label.

Envu Environmental Science. (2020). Telar® XP Herbicide label (EPA Reg. No. 432-1561). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/000432-01561-20200320.pdf

“Jefferson County Invasive Species Management Program. Bouncing Bet Information Sheet.” n.d. .https://www.jeffco.us/DocumentCenter/View/1183/Information-Sheet-on-Bouncingbet-PDF.

Natto, Alyson C. Van, and Jannice Friedman. “Seasonal Life-History Trade-Offs Differ between Plants Derived from Seed versus Rhizomes in Saponaria Officinalis.” Preprint, bioRxiv, October 29, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.10.28.685121.

“Range and Pasture Recommendations for Bouncingbet.” n.d. https://www.weld.gov/files/sharedassets/public/v/1/departments/public-works/documents/bouncing-bet-identification-and-management-final.pdf.

“Saponaria Officinalis | UMass Amherst Landscape, Nursery & Urban Forestry Program.” https://extension.umass.edu/weed-herbarium/weeds/saponaria-officinalis/index.html.

“Saponaria Officinalis Profile – California Invasive Plant Council.” https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/saponaria-officinalis-profile/.

“USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Bouncing Bet. Illinois Grazing Manual Fact Sheet, 2006.” n.d. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-12/BouncingBet.pdf.

“USDA Plants Database Plant Profile Characteristics.” https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/SAOF4/characteristics.

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Make repeat visits to reduce weed occurrences

Posted on July 23, 2026 by Grassland Restoration Network blog

By Bill Kleiman

How many visits does it take to get an invasive weed occurrence to zero?

Lespedeza daurica, Asian bushclover. In its typical sprawling stance, with Jay and Leah hanging at the Nachusa picnic table

For years I have stated this answer of how many visits do we need to make to a weed occurrence as thus:

Visit a problem area once a year and the weeds numbers continue about the same, perhaps increasing and perhaps decreasing.

Visit twice a year to treat weeds and the weed numbers likely decrease by a modest amount. Do this annually for years and maybe you get success.

Visit three times a year and that year’s weed numbers decrease a lot, perhaps nearing zero adults surviving. This does not mean the seed bank is to zero, but that the year’s emerged adult plants are near zero.

What follows is an actual example of this idea.

On June 8, 2025 I went to a half acre prairie planting we did years back at our Meiners unit, in a dry upland corner with sandy soils. I looked carefully for Asian bushclover. The scientific name is Lespedeza daurica.

Asian bushclover, we call it ABC, is a low sprawling invasive bushclover. This is not Lespedeza cuneata, which most know as Sericea lespedeza, a weed which stands tall and proud while taking over all your beloved habitat. Both these bushclovers are very invasive, but ABC sprawls.

So on June 8, 2025, I found ten plants. I treated them with basal bark Garlon 4 from a squirt bottle because that is what I had with me. This weed emerges later in the season, and I think the first week of June was too early for this plant, which is why I found only ten plants. But I sprayed these ten.

Five weeks later,on July 12, 2025, I return to this same half acre and find 32 plants, which are mostly small. All the plants I treated in June with garlon 4 were dead. I had marked them with flagging tape so I knew it was them. On this July visit I happen to have a squirt bottle of imazapic and I spray the Lespedeza with it. What the heck, maybe imazapic works too. That I find 32 plants makes sense as mid-July is when ABC is big enough to be seen. All 32 are sprayed.

I return a third time, four and a half weeks later, on August 2, 2025. This is the same half acre of habitat. The same person is carefully searching. How many will I find? The same number? Less? More?

L daurica in seed

Well, on August 2 I find 29 ABC in about 4 patches with several each. I find the imazapic sprayed on my last visit did smoke them and every other plant in a little circle around the target Lespedeza is dead too. No surprise there. That is what imazapic does. I remember feeling dismayed that I found 29 plants because I think it means I missed 29 plants on my July visit. Ugh!

My final visit of 2025 is 9 weeks later on October 12, 2025. How many plants will I find?

I find only 3 plants with two next to each other, and a single.

So in summary, I made four visits and treated just about all of that year’s plants. And we could argue that my first visit was too early for this weed. So perhaps three visits would have had me find essentially all the plants.

But….I write this a year later on July 20, 2026. Clara and I found 31 plants today on this half acre, which is typical for this seed bank in this place. Weed work is a long game. Most of these 31 were likely just seeds, or little plants last year and now they are big enough to find. But worse, we found three big plants in one patch that were just off the half acre into the adjacent big prairie planting. I think those plants were missed in 2025. Double ugh!

Weed management is a long game. I have been searching this half acre for 19 years, since we first realized a local native plant nursery sold us this invasive Lespedeza. The nursery was apparently wild harvesting it from a site in the region. The problem with a plant nursery wild harvesting is that they send their workers to a site, workers who may not know what they are picking. They were not in a garden picking plants, but in a big area making botanical decisions. They bring back bags of seed that looks like the right seed, but it ain’t. What a bummer. Here is a blog post about that incident: https://grasslandrestorationnetwork.org/2021/09/09/beware-what-seed-you-buy/

And here is a link about the other Lespedeza, sericea lespedeza: https://grasslandrestorationnetwork.org/2025/10/23/control-of-lespedeza-cuneata/

And finally a link to a post describing various Lespedeza with a quiz: Lespedeza: friend and foe | grassland restoration network

So in summary, annually make two to three visits a year to your weed occurrences and you can expect success in the long run.

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Nachusa Grasslands Invasive Plant Monitoring Technician

Posted on July 9, 2026 by Grassland Restoration Network blog

By Clara Barton

Hello, my name is Clara Barton, I am the new Invasive Plant Monitoring Technician for Nachusa Grasslands. I recently received my master’s degree in ecology with a dissertation focused on studying the spatial biodiversity of grasslands. I worked as a seasonal restoration technician on the crew here at Nachusa in 2023 and 2024. Before that I was a restoration technician intern for the Missouri Botanical Garden’s Litzinger Road Ecology Center. Through my work, education, and research experiences, grasslands have become a cornerstone of my life. Spending time in prairies has taught me so much and given me a great appreciation for the amount of work required to maintain these absolutely gorgeous ecosystems.  Having a background in research and restoration has set me up well for this new position at Nachusa.

Clara Barton in the field

As the Invasive Plant Monitoring Technician my job is to run experiments to evaluate the methods we are using to manage invasive plant species at Nachusa Grasslands. I will be looking into many weeds including Honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii), Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), yellow and white sweet clover (Melilotus officianalis, Melilotus alba), Sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata), and more. I will be focused on which herbicides are effective, mowing practices and timing, and if treated plants are still producing seeds.

Clara Barton excitedly conducting research on plants

The goal of these experiments is to make sure the measures we are taking to control an invasive species are working, as well as finding out if there are any treatments that would be more effective. I intend to make blog posts here about each experiment I conduct. Sharing what I learn here will hopefully benefit many other restorations that may be struggling with the same invasives.

Some of the questions I am currently working on right now include:

  1. What herbicide works best for Butter and eggs (Linaria vulgaris)
  2. Do mowed sweet clover stems resprout?
  3. Do mowed sweet clovers still produce seed?
  4. At what stage in seed development does Wild parsnip need to be hauled off after spading?
  5. What herbicide is best for treating bouncing bet (Saponaria officianalis) and how much surfactant is effective?
  6. What works better for Crown Vetch? Transline or Milestone?
  7. What herbicide is most effective for foliar treating honeysuckle resprouts?
  8. Is the Carpet wick effective at killing unwanted woody plants?
Experiment site for BFT study

I work together with Bill to come up with the questions that need answering to best help us with our work. If you have any questions about invasive plant management, feel free to put them in the comments.  We are always looking for more questions to investigate to help with the greater effort of restoration.

I look forward to sharing what I find!

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Pest shields for ticks, chiggers and such

Posted on July 6, 2026 by Grassland Restoration Network blog

By Bill Kleiman

The black flies of the Simuliidea emerged this week and congregate in the woods, especially areas with low wind. They will be a nuisance for a few weeks. And ticks are occasional. Mosquitos will be here soon. I thought I would share a few tips to deal with pests.

The bug net worked very well today. I forgot I had it on and could do all I wanted in the woods. The little pouch it comes in I hang from a carabiner off my pack or belt loop. The insect shield means it was dipped in permethrin pesticide at the factory, but I am not sure that was needed.

Permethin for your clothes, and Picaridin repellent for your skin

Permethin on the left by Sawyer, $19, is a pesticide you spray on clothing to ward off ticks and chiggers. Permethin is a synthetic version of a natural pesticide found in chrysanthemums. I see a one gallon of permethin for clothing by Insect Guard for $58.

On the right is Picaridin, which is what you put on your skin for mosquitos and such. It is not an insecticide but an effective insect repellent. Picaridin is nice in that it does not stink like DEET, nor does it melt or discolor plastic items like sunglasses and clothing. It is a lotion or spray for your skin. It works well. DEET is also a repellent, not an insecticide.

Treating all the clothing you wear in the field with permethrin is your best defense against tick diseases, bar none! Socks, hats, shirts, pants, boots. Permethin is expensive but worth it.

To treat clothes with permethrin I lay out my clothes to treat and wear a glove while spraying. You don’t want the water based solvent on your skin. I don’t know what is in that solvent but don’t get it on your skin.

You do a heavy spray on the clothes and let them dry for several hours and then they can be worn safely. This will repel ticks and chiggers and lasts for maybe a half dozen washings. I spray mine maybe twice a season. I lay items like socks, hat, on top of bigger items like pants or shirts so I don’t waste the expensive spray.

You can also send clothing items to a company, Insect Sheild, and they will dip them in a vat of permethrin and this apparently works well. I have heard from folks who did this and thought it worked great.

The permethin that is sprayed on livestock is cheaper, but it is an oil-based mix that you don’t want on your clothing.

On the right is a tick & chigger gator. It has permethrin on it too. I rarely wear these as we don’t have many ticks or chiggers at Nachusa, and they are too tight on my calves. There are other versions out that that are more of a snap around gator with permethin in it. You can tuck your pants in your socks, which I do at times, but the seeds stick to my socks.

Don’t let the pests keep you inside.

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Carpet Roller Wick to attempt to control brush

Posted on June 25, 2026 by Grassland Restoration Network blog

By Bill Kleiman, Nachusa Grasslands Director w The Nature Conservancy

Above, 17 days after a carpet roller herbicide wick drove over cottonwood saplings.

This is a Grassworks 22 foot wide carpet wick. A carpet on a long spool is soaked with glyphosate and it slowly spins as you drive through a brush thicket. Hopefully, you get enough herbicide on the brush to kill some of it, and you damage modest numbers of the good plants trying to grow under the brush.

Spoiler alert: We see modest success using this tool.

In its folded up travel position.

The carpet roller wick is soaked with glyphosate and spins slowly such that as you drive forward you are getting more herbicide on the foliage of the brush.

The carpet is spun with the little hydraulic motor spinning a rubber belt below the gray shield that turns the carpet roller.

In the cab of the tractor is a wired switch to start these electric herbicide pumps which squirt the glyphosate solution onto the carpet for a few seconds. Then about 20 seconds later you give another squirt of herbicide on the roller. You want the roller wet enough that it drips a little, but not a lot.

Results of a carpet wick on brush follows:

June 17, 2026 photo of a large patch of cottonwood saplings treated with a carpet roller wick two weeks before on June 2 and June 3, 2026. I used 33% glyphosate, 3% imazapic (Journey), and 10% LI700 Non ionic surfactant, and choice weather master water conditioner.

I wicked this patch two days in a row because the first day I did not use much surfactant in the mix. I think the best mix would be thick, like pancake batter, so that the roller could apply more herbicide and drip less. But the surfactant at ten percent still seemed to leave the solution looking watery. If you have used these before let us know how it went for you.

You can see the browned out cottonwood saplings which are about five foot tall. Some are alive. Maybe the browned out cotonwoods will still be alive next spring. We tagged some of the brown ones with tree paint to see how they fair next spring.

Above is that opening photo again after 17 days. Lots of brown cottonwoods now. If a bunch of those are dead I would call it a success. If they are just browned out and will recover later then not so much. We marked some individuals that look dead and will check on them this fall or next spring to see if they died. Applying blue tree marking paint is a good way to tag them. Flagging tape blows off.

A different unit. Above is the June 3 carpet wick work results on June 17, 2026. This is the Fen unit aspen clone. It was 10 foot tall! I had to run the wick at it full height so the stems would not break the wick. The results were some browned out, but I think the plants were too tall and robust to be heeled by a bit of glyphosate. We will brush mow the patch this winter, burn the unit again, and perhaps try the wick again.

For the wick to work you want the brush to be above the prairie, but not too tall. You don’t want big woody stems in there that wreak havoc on the tractor and wick. I plan to keep bringing this tool out to see what it can do.

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Shrub encroachment and fire

Posted on June 18, 2026 by Grassland Restoration Network blog

By Bill Kleiman

Konza Prairie w 4 year fire return interval on left, annual fire on right.

We recently heard from Emily Wedel who worked on her doctorate at Konza Biological Station, looking at shrub encroachment in seldom and frequently burned units. Konza has been studying and pondering the shrubs which have established on their plots that have had infrequent fire. Emily showed us the photo above where the infrequently burned unit was full of top killed shrub stems, shrubs that would all re-sprout come spring. On the other side of the fire break was an annually burned prairie that had no shrubs.

Emily also showed us maps of shrub encroachment where a 20-year fire return interval looks to have the same heavy shrub encroachment as the 4-year fire return interval. To me this suggests that the fire return interval should be one, two or three years. The unit with annual fire had essentially no shrubs even though just across a mowed fire break was a 20-year fire unit full of shrubs.

Emily shared this too. “I attach a paper from Konza where they reversed the fire treatments after 22 years. The infrequently burned watershed became annually burned and vis versa. Figure 3 has some good photos of the areas before and after the reversals. Burning every year opened up the canopy and increased grass biomass, so fire carried through, but the shrubs were still there at shorter heights.  [this paper has a fire wall and it is technical] https://url.us.m.mimecastprotect.com/s/71aaC1wpMjIMXpmj5HLfkfVEGiI?domain=onlinelibrary.wiley.com

The above photo is at Nachusa Grasslands in our East Heinkel Unit, due north of Schafer Knob. On the left is a prairie planting that is about a decade old and frequently burned. It established well and is handsome this time of year with pale purple coneflowers and white baptisia. My photo does not do it justice. It has essentially no shrubs and has been burned every year or every other year since its planting in 2013.

On the right of the photo is a fallow prairie pasture that the former owner sprayed with broadleaf herbicide a number of times and then grazed horses on it. The prairie was nearly vanquished, but some diversity remains. This herbicide sprayed field likely supported shrub establishment. Notice all the shrubs in it. Abundant are smooth sumac, various Rumex briars, some multiflora rose, honeysuckle, cherry, and black oak.

This unit with shrub buildup has not been burning enough to top kill all the shrubs. It is on a gentle north slope which may lower fire intensity. We had shrub buildup in there before bison, and we have the shrub thickets now, ten years after bison have had access to it. The grazing at times makes the fires patchy with low intensity, which has benefits, but likely supports the shrubs.

This winter we hope to brush mow the unit to see if that later helps the fire come across the unit and top kill the shrubs. We work to keep shrubs and trees out of our open prairies to leave some habitat as full open prairie.

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A list of weeds and strategies

Posted on June 11, 2026 by Grassland Restoration Network blog

By Bill Kleiman

This is a list of most of the weeds we manage against at Nachusa Grasslands. I give brief descriptions of our management strategies.

This blogsite has a search bar where you can quickly find other posts with various details. For instance, there are several posts on reed canary grass.

Here is a link to a short list of these weeds and others and my suggestions: https://www.nachusagrasslands.org/herbicide-use.html

Poison hemlock, Conium maculatum. Above. These can be spaded but beware it is poisonous so don’t handle it, like picking it up to carry it somewhere. Cut the taproot with a sharp spade, push over with your boot. Leave it. You can mow hemlock which may set it back and at least buys you time. Or spray before bolting with a broadleaf such as Crossbow or Garlon 3A. This hemlock was flowering when it was sprayed with 2% Garlon 3A and it just twisted it and will not kill the plant.

Wild parsnip, Sativa pastinaca. Bernie is spading this one and perhaps plans to carry it somewhere. Beware the sap on your skin will give you a sun burn boil. I tend not to haul it. Like hemlock, I cut the tap root with a spade, then push it over with my boot. Sometimes I use the spade to cut the plant near the top with the hopes of not having the seed mature on the stalk. Or you can mow it and deal with it the next year.

You can spray parsnip before it bolts with broadleaf herbicides such as Crossbow or Garlon 3A.

Yellow sweet clover, Melilotus officianalis. Here I point to a low leaf stalk. Mowing or cutting very low sets back sweet clover, but you want to cut below the lowest leaf. In this case that looks to be a few inches. We sometimes use tri-blade weed brush cutters, and the new battery clearing saws are nice. We have had success with old fashioned scythes, and various mowers. They all work pretty well and can reduce infestations.

We often use a weed spade, “parsnip predator”, to loosen the soil next to the sweet clover, then lean on on the spade handle and with the other hand pull the root up. Saves you body strains.

We spray it at times with Transline in the early part of its growth cycle, and then switch to Garlon 3A after it has been blooming for a several days.

White sweet clover, Melilotus alba. Similar to yellow sweet clover you need to mow or cut it below the lowest leaves. If you wait until the plant is late in flower the lowest leaves will have fallen and you can mow higher. It is also more stout and harder to cut.

Birdsfoot trefoil, Lotus corniculatus. We spray Garlon 3A, or Transline, Milestone, or Crossbow. Late in the bloom time we mix 2% Garlon 3A with half percent Milestone. Our thinking is that the Garlon 3A browns it out quick to beat seed set, and the Milestone has a residual that will kill emerging BFT plants that are likely around the target plant.

Bouncing bet, Saponaria officinalis. Milestone seems to be working well at 0.7 ounces per gallon. Walters uses tricopyr and 24D. He uses amine or ester tricopyr depending on the situation. Use surfactant.

Crown vetch, Corilla varia. Milestone at 0.7 ounces per gallon. Transline works too. Like a lot of weeds, making two or more visits a year makes a big difference.

Butter and eggs, Linaria vulgaris. Imazapic seems to work, but these are tough to control as there are lots of small plants for every flower you see.

Day lily, Hemerocallis fulva. The photo shows the vegetative day lily in a right of way. They are tough to kill. Use 3% glyphosate with 2% Habitat on these monocots. Add surfactant.

King devil, Hieracium pratense. Garlon 3A, Element 3A, Crossbow, Milestone all work. Some feel these are not a problem but we find them hard to extinguish. The seeds blow about. We treat the flowering plant and look for seedlings nearby. We pluck the flowers and dispose in the kitchen garbage.

Reed canary grass, Phalaris arundinacea. Lots of opinions on this blogsite about RCG. I like clethodim at 1.5%, with water conditioner added first, and surfactant or MSO added after. Spray twice a year if you can muster that effort but we tend to spray once. Glyphosate with Polaris kills it fully but you want to spray very carefully.

Red clover, Trifolium pratense. Transline works well. Crossbow and Element 3A do fine too. Most do not call this invasive, but we find red clover can be very aggressive in our prairie restorations.

Leafy spurge, Euphorbia eschella. 1.5% Imazapic. It is recommended it be treated twice a season. This is a tough plant to kill.

Sericea lespedeza, Lespedeza cuneata. Saxton likes 2% Garlon 4 in water. Look carefully for young and old plants. Jeff Horn and others find Pastureguard herbicide (Triclopyr with Fluroxopyr)  to work very well.

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Annual Workshop Success – Shaw Nature Reserve

Posted on June 4, 2026 by Grassland Restoration Network blog

Mike Saxton – Executive Director – Friends of Nachusa Grasslands

Since its inception in 2003, the Grassland Restoration Network has focused on sharing lessons learned, connecting practitioners from across the region, and supporting a community of doers who believe in the promise of prairie.

The 2026 Grassland Restoration Network annual workshop hosted by Shaw Nature Reserve was a smashing success! The landscape was rich, the work was impressive, and the discussion was lively. We heard a stirring, impassioned keynote address from Doug Ladd and enjoyed a wide variety of tour experiences: dynamic glades, diverse plantings, creative approaches to enhancing old grass dominated restorations, amazing native plant gardens, important restoration science and an organized, well appointed shop space. The Tuesday night dinner/social was well attended and offered workshop participants the chance to network and engage. The bat mist netting and emergence counts were unique experiences for many.

Well done SNR team! Congratulations on all of the great work and thank you for all the time, energy, and care invested in the 2026 GRN workshop.

The Grassland Restoration Network workshop 2027 will be hosted by the Prairie Plains Resource Institute and TNC Nebraska. The Nebraska Sandhills, spanning over 12 million acres, form the largest remaining intact temperate grassland in the United States. Dates and details TBD.

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Testing shows confounding results. Late spring applications of clethodim on Reed Canary Grass.

Posted on May 21, 2026 by Grassland Restoration Network blog

By Bill Kleiman

This is a continuing update on an original post. At the end I post several links to related articles on controlling reed canary.

It is good to do simple monitoring or testing to see if a weed treatment you are using works. I will describe the simple way I tested a herbicide treatment. I retreated this patch and found it did brown it out, but then a year later the plants were still alive but weak looking. Read on.

On May 30, 2024 I sprayed eight distinct mature patches of reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) with clethodim herbicide. Each patch of reed canary was about six feet in diameter, the plants 3 to 4 foot tall, and in flower. So their big growth spurt was done for the season.

As I have read, it is recommended to apply clethodim when the plants have emerged several inches and are actively growing. I have tested this and it works pretty well. I was hoping for a longer application window by spraying more mature plants. Would that work?

The herbicide mix was 1.5% Intensity (clethodim), ammonium sulfate crystals (three cups added to a 50 gallon mix), and a half ounce per gallon of methylated seed oil.

In each of the eight patches I drove in a four foot tall fiberglass rod. The rod could withstand a fire and be noticeable a year later. The rods worked well.

I sprayed the patches so the milky herbicide mix was starting to drip off.

I recorded this information into Field Maps.

I made a calendar reminder for a year later to look at the results.

I looked about a year later on May 28 2025 and all eight patches looked very healthy. The clethodim did not control reed canary grass that was applied when the plants were mature. Hmm. Did I forget to add something to the mix? Is an end of May application too late. See Juli Mason’s post where she found late applications to reed canary were showing control.

One of the 8 patches treated a year previously with clethodim. They looked like this last year when I sprayed them. And they look fine a year later after clethodim. This suggests clethodim applied to mature reed canary grass in late spring did not work in this case.

I tried a second application. The next day, May 29, 2025, I did make a new clethodim mix and re-sprayed the same 8 patches of reed canary to see what happens. Below are two photos of those patches about six weeks later on July 19, 2025. They are clearly top killed. I was surprised. Top killed but are the roots dead? I will leave the fiberglass rods in them and check back in May of 2026 and report back.

July 19, 2025 shows top killed RCG sprayed six weeks before
July 19, 2025: Top killed reed canary grass treated with clethodom six weeks previously.

On May 10, 2026 I returned again to spray clethodim in this unit and I found half a dozen of my fiberglass rods still in clumps of live reed canary. All of those reed canary were there and alive, but diminished compared to those around them. The below photo shows two RCG clumps that I sprayed a year previous. These two happen to be pretty robust, but not as healthy looking as others nearby.

Overall, I like clethodim grass herbicide because it is not killing the forbs and sedges. I have seen areas that had a lot of RCG diminish and allow other plants to take over. In this particular case maybe I should have carefully applied glyphosate from a backpack. This is a new planting into a retired corn/soy field and the pattern is that you will see clumps of plants that are doing very well in a small patch. After six years of this new planting you might see a three foot circle of pussytoes, Antennaria plantanginifolia. The soil is pretty empty of competing plants and the pussytoes builds momemtum. I imagine a few decades later the pussytoes will be spread out through the planting. Likewise this reed canary grass established in the new planting and it has not spread very far via its rhizomatous roots. Hence glyphosate carefully applied by a backpack might be the best control in this case.

But let’s say the reed canary is covering an acre and there are some sedges growing in among the grass. A broad spray pattern aiming at the grass has yielded in the past a conversion so that the sedges dominate the ground. I can think of one area where the sedges still dominate there after a decade. I know of another area that floods a lot where the reed canary came back within several years of our ceasing grass spraying.

So the usual response to ecological questions, “It depends”.

May 10, 2026. White rod in RCG sprayed a year previous in May.

I encourage managers to test out their treatments. It was not hard. It was also not rigorous enough to publish a scientific paper or get a degree.

This GRN site has some great reed canary posts.

Clethodim Treatment Tracking – Reed Canary Grass
Herbicide Treatments to Reed Canary Grass – Clethodim vs. Glyphosate – Follow-Up Observations
Herbicide Treatments to Reed Canary Grass, Clethodim vs. Glyphosate

Control of reed canary grass
Invasive Reed canary grass control
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